1) Could there possibly be something wrong with removing the naturally unwanted nuts from the yum chocolate that's in a bowl? 2) What about getting those annoying bones out of my salmon? 3) What then about eating the delicious chicken off my plate whilst leaving the veg? After threshing, a mixed collection of waste matter remained there with grain kernels. They were sorted and removed by hand. So, for us it's a matter of choosing the bad from the good, eg, removing spoiled cherries from a bowel of cherries. This would be the melacha. The prohibition would also apply to things less desirable so if don't want nuts that are mixed with chocolate you couldn't remove the nuts, even if you happen to like both. Note, this melacha applies to both food and non food items, such as a mixture of cutlery. For us to have an issue of "sorting", 2 factors need to exist: 1) there must be a mixture  2) there must be 2 types in the mixture So, a bowl of cherries and blueberries has both criteria. Or a pile of mixed cutlery would too. But, if let's say clothing in a cupboard isn't mixed but hung loosely to each other, no problem. Or if it's just 1 type it's OK too, eg 2 cookies.  But, if a chocolate cake and coffee flavoured cake, that's 2 types, and therefore not ok. Other examples of things considered mixed: 1) peanuts with raisins 2) an assortment of laundry in a basket 3) assorted books stacked together  4) loose pages of books that got mixed. 5) bones in fish  6) seeds in melon 7) wrappers stuck to a candy  8) grapes attached to stems 9) cream on top of milk 10) hair in a liquid Other examples of things not considered mixed: 1) oranges and tangerines scattered on a table  2) assorted cutlery spread out on a table 3) apples in a bag 4) food on a plate  But..what if it's got the 2 criteria, ie a mixture and 2 types, is any way to get what I need out of the mixture? Eg how to eat a grape as its attached to its stem?!  When have these 3 criteria it's ok: 1) by hand as opposed to with a utensil like a fork or a sieve. You are allowed to use a utensil when its being used solely for convenience, eg cutlery so your hands stay clean. 2) the good from the bad 3) for immediate use So, to get chocolate from nuts, remove the 1 you want by hand for immediate use, it's that simple😄😉 Other ways to get what you desire from a "mixture": 1) Peeling fruits or removing wrappers 2) Cutting away some of the good with part of the bad, eg cut a little good bit of melon together with the pits 3) Scatter the mixture so it's no longer a mixture, eg scatter the washing or the cutlery and then you can take piece by piece  Lots of real life examples of this all next week..

1) Crushing snow? 2) Warming up chocolate cookies (on shabbos hot plate) where the chocolate will melt? 3) Squeezing or shampooing hair? 4) Brushing your teeth? Gemara tells us that one may not crush snow and hail on Shabbos for purpose of producing water. From this we learn it's a problem to produce liquids by breaking down solids or even semi solids. This would extend to crushing or warming ice, ice cream, butter, congealed fat or similar substances to cause to melt or dissolve. These activities resembles the process of crushing grapes for their juices. Included in this is chopping up juice concentrate so it devolves faster into water. However you can put ice cubes into a liquid to melt, or even to crush into small ice fragments to put immediately into your drink, as not trying to produce water.  That's the key, anything that is trying to break it down into a liquid is no good, so we don't stir a frozen cup of slush/slurpy. Nor can one squeeze a hand full of snow if the intention is to turn it into water. You can defrost a liquid at room temperature. It appears that using whip topping from a pressurised can could be problem as whilst in the can it's in a liquid form and once it comes out it becomes like foam. Some are lenient but interesting to see another possible application. In terms of melting margarine and the like, it's OK as long as most of  the melted liquid becomes absorbed into a solid substance. Please note there may be an issue of "cooking" when melting ice cream or chocolate on a hot piece of cake. We are discussing the present issue of changing a substance. If your hair becomes wet on shabbos you can't squeeze it to extract the water. Similarly shampooing is a similar issue.  Way to dry it is to wrap a towel around your hair to absord the wetness. You could use a dry toothbrush as long as done gently enough that it won't cause blood. A wet toothbrush is a problem as it involves pressing and squeezing the wet bristles of the toothbrush against the teeth. Toothpaste is also a separate issue.